Other

Animal models, particularly mice and rats, are widely used in biomedical research, but differ from humans and require substantial space and resources. Organoids, three-dimensional stem cell–derived models that mimic the structure and function of original tissue, provide a practical and valuable in vitro system for studying disease pathogenesis.

Establishing nasal epithelium in vitro is challenging due to complex experimental conditions and long culturing periods. Organoids offer a practical solution to these challenges. They provide a powerful tool to study epithelial barrier function, tissue repair, and the mechanisms underlying nasal mucosal diseases.

Despite major advances, organoids do not fully replicate the native tissue microenvironment, limiting their use in nasal disease modeling and preclinical research. Incorporating vascularization and chip technologies represents a promising strategy to improve how well nasal organoids mimic their microenvironment.